A Hybrid Moth-Flame Optimization And Extreme Learning...

A Hybrid Moth-Flame Optimization and Extreme Learning Machine Model for Financial Forecasting Abstract—In this work, a system for stock market prediction is proposed based on a hybrid moth-flame optimizer (MFO) and extreme learning machine (ELM). ELM is also a promising method for data regression and classification and has the advantage of fast training time, but it always requires a huge number of nodes in the hidden layer. The usage of a large number of nodes in the hidden layer increases the test/evaluation time of the net, and there is no grantee of optimality of the setting of weights and biases on the hidden layer. MFO is a recently proposed promising optimization algorithm that mimics the moving behavior of moths. MFO is exploited†¦show more content†¦ELM is used as supervised learning method for SLFN method. ELM has high accuracy and fast prediction speed while solving numerous real-life problems [2], [6]. ELM randomly selects the input weights and hidden layer biases instead of fully tuning all the internal parameters such as gradient-based algorithms. ELM could analytically determine the output weights [2]. Due to random choosing of input weights and hidden layer biases, ELM needs more hidden neurons than gradient-based learning algorithms [7], [8]. The bio-inspired algorithms were used in optimizing ELM to overcome its drawbacks. In [7] differential evolution (DE) algorithm was applied to select input weights and biases to determine the output weights of ELM. DE-ELM achieved good generalization performance with a compact structure. In [9] DE-ELM was used for the classification of hyperspectral images, and it improved classification accuracy and computation time. In [10] Evolutionary ELM based on PSO algorithm is proposed, and PSO algorithm improved the performance of traditional ELM. In [11] a new method combined ELM with an improved PSO called is proposed to improve the convergence performance of ELM. In [12] an evolutionary approach for constituting extreme learning machine (ELM) ensembles is introduced to direct the selection of base learners and produced an optimal solution with ensemble size control. In [13] Genetic ensemble of

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 966 Words

Marijuana usage should be legalized in the state of Georgia. The legalization of marijuana is going faster than many thought possible. Eight states are considering replacing criminal penalties with fines, and are considering decriminalizing possession. Medical marijuana is on the table for seventeen other states also (Ross, J. K. 2014, 05). This drug can be used in many helpful, medical purposes. Cannabis oil can be used to treat certain seizure disorders in both children and adults. These are afflictions that can cause hundreds of seizures a day, and can even lead to death. However, it does not create the high that recreational use of marijuana produces (Aaron, Torres, 2015). Marijuana cigarettes are effective at controlling nausea. They are more effective at controlling nausea than the capsule containing synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. THC is the active ingredient in cannabis. It can be safely used in a supervised medical environment. At least ten New Mexico hospitals had patients that smoked marijuana supplied by the federal government in an experimental state, and showed that it was â€Å"highly effective† at controlling nausea (The, A. P. 1988, Sep 07). Marijuana can also be used to treat glaucoma. Glaucoma is the disease that puts pressure on the eyeball. It damages the optic nerve and causes loss of vision. Marijuana can decrease the symptoms of a server seizure disorder known as Dravet’s Syndrome. This disease causes server seizures and developmental delays.Show MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Soft drinks in India Pepsi Free Essays

Soft drinks in India is a INR 11,000 Crore industry1. The rising mercury levels have ensured that the Indian soft drinks industry is going through a healthy phase wherein, it registered an impressive growth of 24. 6% in the year 2011/12. We will write a custom essay sample on Soft drinks in India: Pepsi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Carbonates had a growth of 13. 6% growth, Bottled water saw an incredible 34. 3% growth, Fruits and vegetable juices registered a growth of 29. 7%, Sports and energy drinks saw a growth of 17. 2%. PepsiCo operates in these product lines and the impressive growth numbers were of great encouragement for the soft drinks industry in general and PepsiCo in particular. Coke and Pepsi iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/coke-and-pepsi-learn-to-compete-in-india/embed/#?secret=caoyWPT4NE" data-secret="caoyWPT4NE" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Coke and Pepsi#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe The key players Coca Cola and PepsiCo actively revived their old brands that were popular in the 1980s in India. Coca Cola revived its old brand Citra within the lime carbonates category. While Coca Cola already had Sprite and Limca in the lime carbonates category, Citrus was priced at 20% cheaper than them. Coca Cola also reintroduced its brand â€Å"Rimzim†, a masala soda with cumin and spices. PepsiCo reciprocated by reviving its popular brand Duke in Mumbai, where it is very well known. Duke was launched in four flavours. Since PepsiCo and Coca Cola have almost similar product lines, companies launched new products and were involved in brand extensions in order to differentiate from the others. PepsiCo’s Mirinda was the answer for Coca Cola’s Fanta in the orange category. Lack of differentiation in the Orange category lead PepsiCo to launch two new varieties of Mirinda- â€Å"Mango Orange† and â€Å"Orange Masala† in order to gain traction among the consumers. PepsiCo’s launch of 7up lemony bite in Punjab was to counter Limca. Tata Gluco + was launched by NourishCo ( A joint venture between PepsiCo and Tata ), a lemon flavoured refreshing and recharging beverage. Danone and Narang Beverages partnered to launch B’lue, a water-based restorative drink. Companies are constantly innovating to come up with new products with greater benefits that will help the companies differentiate themselves in the soft drinks industry. The soft drinks industry in urban India is reaching maturity, which is forcing the companies to look at the rural market as the next bastions of growth. Urban consumers consider carbonated soft drinks unhealthy. There is an increased traction for fruit and vegetable juices among the urban consumers. PepsiCo’s Tropicana, Coca Cola’s Minute maid and Dabur’s Real are addressing this surge in the demand for fruit and vegetable juices. As far as the rural markets are concerned, a significant 21% of the off trade volume sales in 2012 came from these markets. Companies are increasing their focus on rural India. As an indication for the increased focus, Coca Cola started distribution of solar powered coolers in rural areas which can store up to two crates of Returnable Glass Bottles (RGBs). Competitors: The Indian soft drinks industry is dominated by PepsiCo, Coca Cola and Parle Bisleri ltd. Coca Cola has 23. 6% of share, Parle Bisleri ltd. has 21. 6% share and PepsiCo has 21. 2%. Parle Bisleri ltd. garners such high volumes solely based on its packaged drinking water brand â€Å"Bisleri†. Excluding packaged water, it’s almost a duopoly with PepsiCo and Coca Cola being the significant players in the soft drinks industry. PepsiCo and Coca Cola have similar product lines. Each of them has a brand as an answer for the brand of the other company. To start with, in the cola drinks category, How to cite Soft drinks in India: Pepsi, Papers